Dylan Beattie, January 2003
This document describes how to sign your own SSL certificate requests using the OpenSSL toolkit and use these self-signed certificates to allow HTTPS connections to Microsoft's IIS 5 web server (as supplied with Windows 2000).
If you know what a self-signed certificate is and understand the concept of a certificate authority, great. If not, this should still work but you'll have no idea what you've acheived when it does :)
Command transcripts are shown in monospaced type, with the bits you type shown in bold. Bits in italics are comments to explain what's going on and what you should be doing.
I'm by no means a security expert, and I'm not an OpenSSL guru. If you find these notes helpful, great - if you don't, there's plenty of more detailed resources out there which will answer your questions if you take the time to read them properly. Contributions and testimonials are welcome; questions will be read and possibly answered but I'm making no guarantees, and please don't rely on this information for anything important. I don't know whether it's the most secure or most effective way of doing this, but it works and that's good enough for me. If it's not good enough for you, don't use it :)
These instructions were tested using OpenSSL 0.9.6g (v1.0 Final) on Windows 2000 Server running Service Pack 3.
C:\OpenSSL.C:\OpenSSL\bin to your system path (Control Panel, System, Advanced, Environment Variables, System Variables) - this isn't strictly necessary but it makes things a lot easier.c:\ssl as our working folder.C:\ssl>md keys C:\ssl>md requests C:\ssl>md certs
database.txt - an empty (zero-byte) text file. This can be done using the 'touch' command if you have it (it's a Unix tool not available on Windows by default, but you might have one lying around), or by creating an empty file manually:
c:\ssl>copy con database.txt ^Z C:\ssl>MS-DOS veterans will recognise this particular invocation. We're copying from CON (the console) to a file called database.txt, and that's a Control-Z end-of-file character on the first line. This should produce a zero-byte file called c:\ssl\database.txt
C:\ssl>copy con serial.txt 01 ^Z C:\ssl>to achieve the desired effect. (That's keystrokes zero, one, return, control-Z, return)
C:\ssl>openssl genrsa -des3 -out keys/ca.key 1024 Loading 'screen' into random state - done warning, not much extra random data, consider using the -rand option Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus ...........++++++ ..................++++++ e is 65537 (0x10001) Enter PEM pass phrase: - choose a memorable pass phrase to use for this key Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase: - type your pass phrase again for verificationThe pass phrase will be requested whenever you use this certificate for anything, so make sure you remember it. This will create a file called
c:\ssl\keys\ca.key, containing our certificate authority private key.
C:\ssl>openssl req -config openssl.conf -new -x509 -days 1001 -key keys/ca.key -out certs/ca.cer Using configuration from openssl.conf Enter PEM pass phrase: - type your passphrase here. You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) []:GB State or Province Name (full name) []:Hampshire Locality Name (eg, city) []:Southampton Organization Name (eg, company) []:dylanbeattie.net Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (eg, your websites domain name) []:ssl.dylanbeattie.net Email Address []:ssl@dylanbeattie.net C:\ssl>This will create our CA certificate and store it as c:\ssl\certs\ca.cer
12. How do I install a CA certificate into a browser?
The usual way is to send the DER encoded certificate to the browser as MIME type application/x-x509-ca-cert, for example by clicking on an appropriate link. On MSIE certain extensions such as .der or .cacert may also work, or you can import the certificate using the certificate import wizard.
You can convert a certificate to DER form using the command:
openssl x509 -in ca.pem -outform DER -out ca.derOccasionally someone* suggests using a command such as:
openssl pkcs12 -export -out cacert.p12 -in cacert.pem -inkey cakey.pemDO NOT DO THIS! This command will give away your CAs private key and reduces its security to zero: allowing anyone to forge certificates in whatever name they choose.
* Guilty as charged - sorry! This guide originally recommended the insecure method warned about above. Thanks to Baahl for pointing out the error and Marco Fagiolini for the correct method.
This is described in detail elsewhere on the web - see Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q228821. You should end up with a file called certreq.txt.
certreq.txt file into c:\ssl\requestsC:\ssl>openssl ca -policy policy_anything -config openssl.conf -cert certs/ca.cer -in requests/certreq.txt -keyfile keys/ca.key -days 360 -out certs/iis.cer Using configuration from openssl.conf Loading 'screen' into random state - done Enter PEM pass phrase: Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok The Subjects Distinguished Name is as follows commonName :PRINTABLE:'myCommonName' organizationalUnitName:PRINTABLE:'myOrganisationalUnit' organizationName :PRINTABLE:'myOrganisation' localityName :PRINTABLE:'myLocality' stateOrProvinceName :PRINTABLE:'myProvince' countryName :PRINTABLE:'GB' Certificate is to be certified until Feb 2 01:13:14 2004 GMT (360 days) Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated C:\ssl>Let's just take a look at those command-line options in a bit more detail:
-policy policy_anything - specifies that we're using the 'policy_anything' policy from our openssl.conf file. This is a relaxed policy in which the name, country, etc. in the certificate don't need to match those used by the certification authority. Use -policy policy_match for a more restrictive CA.-config openssl.conf - specifies we're reading our configuration from openssl.conf in the current directory.-cert certs/ca.cer - specifies we're using our CA master certificate to sign the request.-in requests/certreq.txt - the certificate request we're signing.-keyfile keys/ca.key - the private key for our CA master certificate, which proves we're allowed to use it.-days 360 - the time until the certficate will expire-out certs/iis.cer - the file in which to place our newly-signed certificateC:\ssl>openssl x509 -in certs/iis.cer -out certs/iisx509.cer C:\ssl>This will leave the new certificate in
c:\ssl\certs\iisx509.cer - signed, sealed and ready to installAgain, this is described elsewhere on the web - remember that the iisx509.cer file is our certificate response file, and the instructions in Knowledge Base article 228836 should make everything clear.
OpenSSL for Windows: http://www.shininglightpro.com/
Documentation copyright © Dylan Beattie 2002 except where indicated.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts.